Cholera Disease

Cholera Disease

What is Cholera?

• Cholera is a Infectious disease and a water borne Disease.
• Cholera is affected by taking in Infected water or food
• Cholera will affect the Gastrointestinal tract

Causative Organism:

• Cholera is caused by a organism named as "Vibrio cholerae".

Symptoms:

• Watery Dairrhoea
• Rice water like stools
• Vomiting
• Dehydration
• Dry tongue
• Intense thirst
• Shrunken eyes
• Muscle cramps

Way of Trasmission:

• Spreads by ingesting contaminated food or water
• Flies will also carry the infected food or water and take it to the food which is consumed by other healthy people. Now the healthy people will also be affected by Cholera.
• Cholera will spread easily in poor sanitated areas.

Prevention:

• There is a vaccine present for cholera which is known as "Cholerae". 
• This vaccine has killed Vibrio Cholerae.
• This vaccine will provide protection for about six months.

Control:

• ORS therapy can be taken 
• ORS - Oral Rehydration Salt
• If there is only mild to moderate dehydration - fuilds like ORS can be taken
• If it is severe, medical advice is to be taken.

Thank you!

Atmosphere

    Atmosphere

Hello everyone! We all know that we all breathe in Oxygen. So, where will the oxygen and the other gases be present in the air? Yes, it is present in the Atmosphere. Today, we all will learn more about the atmosphere.

Atmosphere:

• The atmosphere of the Earth is a layer of gases.
• The gases present in the Atmosphere are:

      1. Nitrogen - 78%

      2. Oxygen - 21%

      3. Carbon dioxide - 0.3 %

      4.Othere gases -  0.4%

• There are many layers present in the atmosphere
• The different layers present in the Atmosphere are:

          1. Troposphere

          2. Stratosphere

          3. Mesosphere

          4. Thermosphere

          5. Exosphere

Troposhere:

• The Troposhere has an average height about 13 kilometer.
• All the weather phenomena will happen in this layer. Example - rainfall, fog, and etc.
• The air we breathe (Oxygen) is present in this layer

Stratosphere:

• The Stratosphere has an average height about 50 kilometer
• The Stratosphere is free from clouds.
• The Stratosphere contains the Ozone layer.
• The ozone layer will protect us from the UV rays.

Mesosphere:

•  The Mesosphere has an average height about 80 kilometer
• The meteriods will burn up in this layer

Thermosphere:

• The Thermosphere has an average height about 80 - 400 kilometer.
•  In the thermosphere, the radio waves will be reflected back to earth
• The thermosphere is other wise known as "Ionosphere", because of the ions present.

Exosphere:

• The exosphere will have an average height about 166 kilometer and more
• The exosphere is the outer most layer in the atmosphere
• The exosphere will lead to outer space
• The air in the exosphere is very thick.

Thank you!

Botany - Priestly's Experiment - Oxygen is a by product of photosynthesis - Experiment

 Oxygen is a by product of Photosynthesis

Hello everyone! Today we are going to learn about an experiment which will prove Oxygen is a by product of the process photosynthesis.

Experiment:

The experiment which proves that Oxygen is a by product of Photosynthesis is known as the Priesley's Experiment

Aim - To prove Oxygen is a by product in the process Photosynthesis.

Apparatus - 1. A Mouse or Rat

                    2. A Candle

                    3. A jar

                    4. A small plant which will do the Photosynthesis

Procedure - 1. Take a small rat and place it in a closed jar 

                              2. Light the candle and place it in the closed jar.

                    3. Then, if you see it after some time, the candle will off and the rat will die.

-

                    1. Now, also take a small rat and place it inside the jar.

                    2. Light the candle and place it in the closed jar.

                    3. Now, along with the candle and the rat place a small tree 

                    4. Then, if you observe it after some time also, the rat not die and the candle will not off.

Observation - First we all know that animals (Including rats) and candle will need oxygen to survive. Here, inside the jar the little oxygen also the candle and the rat will use it. So, after some time there will be no oxygen left for the rat to breath and the candle to be lighted. Eventually, the rat will die and the candle will not burn and off.

But, if you see in the second part, they will place a small plant with it. Now if you see after some time the rat will survive and the candle will be lighted. It is because, plants which does the photosynthesis will give out oxygen as a by product. So, because of this, the candle and the rat will give out carbon dioxide and the plant will take in the carbon dioxide. Then, the plant will give out oxygen which will help the candle to be lighted and the rat to be alive.

Thank you!

Humans Respiratory system and the circulation of blood

 Human Respiratory system and the circulation of blood

Hello everyone!  Do you know what is the human's respiratory organ. Yes, it is the lungs, we humans respire using the lungs. The Respiratory Organ will differ for each animal. The circulation of the blood will also be included in the process of Respiration. Today we are going to learn about the human Respiratory system. and the circulation of blood.

What is Respiration?

Respiration is the action of breathing. It is the action of breathing in Oxygen for our cells and tissues and breathing out carbon dioxide.

The process of Respiration and the circulation of blood:

First we will breath in oxygen by our nose. 

The oxygen will go through the air pipe or wind pipe.

From the air pipe the oxygen will go to the lungs. The oxygen will go to the alveoli present in the lungs. Then oxygen will go to the capillaries surrounding alveoli. 

These capillaries together will form the pulmonary vein.

From the capillaries the oxygenated blood will reach the left side of the heart by pulmonary vein.

From the heart , the oxygenated blood will reach all the cells of the body.

Now , the deoxygenated blood in our human body reaches the right side of the heart. 

The deoxygenated blood will enter into the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.

From the heart the de oxygenated blood will go to the lungs through the pulmonary artery 

Pulmonary artery divides into small capillaries which surrounds the alveoli. 

The alveoli will filter the Carbon dioxide from the capillaries. And let the Carbon Dioxide come out of the body.

This is how we all humans respire and the circulation of the blood.

Thank you!

RBCs - Red Blood Cells

RBC - Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes 

Hello everyone! Today we are going to learn about the RBC's present in all our human bodies.

Blood: What is Blood?

Blood is a fluid present in all human bodies and most animals. The blood helps in transporting necessary substances, like nutrients and oxygen to the cells and the lungs of the animal and  blood transports metabolic wastes away from the cells of the animal. The blood will carry antibodies and fight the infections present inside our body. 

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the RBC's (Red Blood Cells) of the animals. The Hemoglobin will help in oxygen transfer to the body and the Hemoglobin will give blood its red colour.

What are the components of blood? 

The components of blood are:

• RBC's (Red Blood Cells)
• WBC's
• Platelets
• Plasma

RBC's (Red Blood Cells):

We can say RBC's also as Red Blood Cells.

The scientific name of Red Blood Cells are "Erythrocytes". Do you know why the RBC's are Red in colour? It is because hemoglobin is present inside the Erythrocytes. Hemoglobin helps in transporting of gases.

In hemoglobin:

• Hemo - A ring structure containing iron 
• Globin - Protein

When there are too much of Erythrocytes in our body, it will cause problems also. It is because the Erythrocytes can cause the blood to be thicken and move slowly. When the count of RBC's got larger in our body it is known as "Polycythemia".

If the amount of RBC's gets low in our body, the kidney will create an hormone called as "Erythropoietin". Erythropoietin will stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC's. When the count of RBC's got less in our body it is known as "anemia". 

The process of the production of Erythrocytes is known as "Erythropoiesis".

 The lifespan of RBC's is 120 days. So, the erythrocytes will die after 120 days. The grave yard of Red Blood Cells is known as "Spleen". 

The Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow, which is present in the bones.

Do you know why the RBC's have a curved shape?

It is because RBC's do not have a nucleus. They don't have a nucleus because it will need space for Oxygen.

Thank you!

Periods in the periodic table of elements

Periods in the Periodic table of elements

Hello everyone!  I hope you all would have heard about the periodic table of elements. It is a table which contains elements. It totally contains 118 elements. The periodic table of elements has periods and groups. Today we are going to learn about the periods in the periodic table of elements.

Periods

•  There are 7 types of periods.

1. First period

2. Second period

3. Third period

4. Forth period

5. Fifth period

6. Sixth period

7. Seventh period

First period

The first period contains only 2 elements Hydrogen and Helium. So, it is called the “shortest period”.

Second period

The second period contains 8 elements. Which are Li, Be, B, C, O, F, Ne. The second period is called as "Short Period".

Third period

The third period contains 8 elements. Which are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar. The third period is known as "Short period".

Fourth Period

The fourth period contains 18 elements. Elements from K to Kr, from elements 19 - 36. The fourth period is called as the "Long Period".

Fifth Period

The fifth period contains 18 elements. Which are from Rb to Xe. From 37 - 54 elements. The fifth period is called as the "Long Period".

Sixth Period

The sixth period contains 32 elements. Which are from Cs to Rn. From 55 - 86. The sixth period is called as the "Longest Period".

Seventh Period

The seventh period contains 31 elements. The seventh period is an incomplete period.

Thank you!

How the stomatal pore will receive and release water?

  How the stomatal pore will receive and release water?

Hello everyone! In the process photosynthesis water will be absorbed by the roots. After the water will go through the roots. From that the stem will carry the water and leave it in the leaves. The stomata present in the leaves will absorb water. Today we are going to learn about how the stomatal pore will receive and release water.

How the stomata will receive water?

 When the water is being received the stomatal pore will open as the guard cell allows the water to be received. The inner sides of the guard cell will be thicken and the stomatal pore will open.

How the stomata will release water?

 When ever water is no more needed in the stomata, the stomatal opening will close and become as flatten. 

How the roots will absorb the water and minerals?

 How the roots will absorb water and minerals?

Hello everyone! We all know that the plants will do an process called as photosynthesis. Do, you know where the photosynthesis process will start at? Yes, it is the roots. So, today we are going to learn about how the roots will absorb water and minerals.

Process Photosynthesis

First, when we pour water. The water and minerals from the soil will be absorbed from the root. Near the root's hair there will be lots of soil particles, water, and air. The water and minerals will slowly go through the root hair, because of the diffusion process. Diffusion is the process where it moves from high concentration to low concentration. The water surrounding the root is high concentration. The xylem will help in carrying the water. The phloem will help in carrying the minerals.

Thank you!

 

Atom

Introduction

Every second we are all seeing Something which we cannot see using our naked eyes but it is there. Do you know What is it? It is atom. Yes, atom are very small that we cannot see it using our naked eye. Today, we are going to learn about atoms.

Atom

    A atom: The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties off the element. Atoms are made out of neutron, protons and electron. Atoms are tiny building blocks. Atoms are surrounded by moving electron. The protons and neutrons are present inside the nucleus A proton is a small, positively charged particle. is a particle that has no charge. The nucleus contains almost all the mass of a atom even though it takes up very little space. The rest of the atom is mostly empty space through which electrons move. Electron are negatively charged particles. To see atom you need to use a Transmission Electron Microscope. Some microscopes, such as those in school, uses lenses and light to make images larger. 

Facts:

• Atomic number = protons , electrons
• Protons and electrons are always same in every atom, neutrons can be different.
• Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number
• Neutrons = Mass number - protons
• Neutrons = Mass number - electrons

Protons:

• Small Positively charged particle

Neutrons:

• Has no charge

Electrons:

• Small Negatively charged particle

Nucleus:

• The protons and neutrons are present inside the nucelus.

 Components of food

Introduction:

Hello everyone! Did you have a good breakfast. But, before you eat, Do you know the important things we have to eat everyday? For example-Carbohydrates, proteins, and etc. Some, nutrients are needed everyday for our body. So, it is very important to food the correct amount of nutrients everyday. So, today we are going to learn about, the benefits and functions of the nutrients we eat and why we should take in those nutrients.

Why we should take in different nutrients?

Ans: It is very important to take in nutrients for our body because then only we will be energetic. If, we are taking in only fat, we won't get proteins, vitamins, and etc. So, the proteins, vitamins will be missing. Because, of this we might get some deficiency diseases. So, it is very important to eat all the nutrients. But, we should not eat too much of something, that is also bad.

Proteins:

- uses of protein

• Proteins help in making your bones, muscles, skin, and cartilage strong.
• It is good for your bones
• Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Carbohydrates and fats:

- Uses of Carbohydrate

• One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is to provide the body will energy.
• Most of carbohydrates in food we eat are digested and broken down into glucose before entering the bloodstream.
• Breaks down the fatty acids
• Helps in cell growth
  
  

Vitamins and minerals:

• - Uses of vitamins and minerals

• There are lots of vitamins.
• Eg: Vitamin A, Vitamin B, etc.

Benefits-

• Good eyesight's
• good digestion
• cell growth
• helps in immune system
• helps from sun damage
• Helps the body grow, develop, and stay healthy
• Make the bones strong
• and etc.

Water:

• - Uses of water
• Water plays an important role on body functions and process, including digestion.
• Promotes weight loss
• Has electrolytes

Proteins: Proteins helps in repairing the damaged parts of the body

Grains: Whole grain are packed with nutrients including proteins, fiber and etc.

Vegetables: Vegetables has more water content. Vegetables will have lots of minerals.

Fruits: Fruits will also have more water content. Fruits will also have lots of minerals and nutrients.

Diary products: Diary products will have more proteins and fat.

 Parts of the Chloroplast

Hello everyone! 

Do you know an thing which has two membranes? What is it? 

Ans: Yes, it is the Chloroplast. The chloroplast will have 2 membranes.

Do you know where it is present?

Ans:  It will be present in the leaf of the plant. 

Before, we go deep inside the chloroplast functions, we will first have to need to learn about the parts and basics of the chloroplast. Today, we will learn about the parts of the Chloroplast.

Parts of the Chloroplast:

So, in this picture you can see the parts of the chloroplast.

Fuctions of the parts:

Inner Membrane - The inner membrane forms a border to the stroma. It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. The Inner membrane is not permeable to small organic molecules.

Outer Membrane - The outer membrane is permeable to small organic molecules.

Inner Membrane space - The space between the Inner membrane and the outer membrane.

Thylakoid - The thylakoid is an internal system of interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reaction or photosynthesis.

Granum - Stacks of Thylakoid is known as Granum.

Lumen - What is present inside the Thylakoid is known as Lumen.

Facts:

• Half of the photosynthesis reaction will happen in the Lumen.

Stroma - Stroma is the fluid present in the Chloroplast

Lamella - Lamella is a tube like connection between two granums.

The 5 states of matter

 The 5 states of matter

 

Hello everyone! Do you know the three main states of matter. Of Course it is Solid, Liquid, and Gas. But actually, do you know that there are 5 states of matter. If you don't know. Lets, learn about it today.

The three main states of matter are:

• Solid 
• Liquid
• Gas

 Did you know that water can be in all the 3 main states of matter (solid state, liquid state, and a gas state). Ocean water in the liquid state. Ice in the solid state. And Water vapour in the gas state, which is present in the air. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. The particles are always moving. The particles depends on how the particles move and how far apart they are.

 Solid

A solid is a kind of matter that has a set shape and a set volume. The particles in a solid object are  tightly packed together and they also vibrate back and forth. The two properties of solid is that solids, keeps their own shape and solids has a define volume. That means they take up the same amount of space no matter where they are. Solids move because of air pockets within them.

Liquid

A liquid is a kind of matter that has a set volume but no set shape. A liquid has no shape because its particles are not held together like a solid. Since liquid can flow past one and other, a liquid is also called a fluid. So, a liquid changes shape to match its container. When a liquid is poured into different containers, the shape will change but it keeps its volume.

Gas

A gas is a kind of matter with no shape or volume.  The particles are the ones that makes gases move around freely and bounce into each other. When gases are put into a container, the gas will spread out to fill the container and its shape. That means gases is also a fluid just like liquids are.                                            

If you see in the picture the solids are tightly packed, liquids are little free, and gas has many space between it.

Do you know what is the 4 and 5 states of matter. It is called as :

• Plasma
• Bose Einstein Condensate

Plasma

So, What is Plasma? Now, I will explain Plasma with using an example, which is the sun. Actually, inside the sun and other stars the temperature is very high. As a result, the atoms break releasing electrons and ions. Due to this, A big shine and glow will occur, that s called as plasma.

Bose Einstein Condensate

So, What is the 5 state of Matter? It is Bose Einstein Condensate. What is it? So, there where two scientists, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. What they did was, that they took low density gases and placed them in a place where the temperature is very very low. This is called as Bose Einstein Condensate. Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein did not prove that there was a 5 state of matter. Then, in 2001 three American Scientists, Eric A cornell, Wolfgang Ketterie and Carl E Weiman proved that there was a 5 state of matter.

Thank you !

Botany- Parts of a Plant

 Parts of Plants

Introduction:

Hello everyone! Do you know where we get our food from? Yes, it is the plants. Plants will do an process and give us food to 

Parts of a plant:

• Roots
• Stem
• Leaves
• Node
• Internode
• Bud
• Fruit
• Flower

Facts:

• In plants, there are two systems in the plants.

1. Shoot system
2. Root system

Root system

• The root system will include only the roots.
• The part of the plant, which is underground is called as root system

Shoot system

• The part of the plant, whic is above the ground is called as shoot system.
• The shoot system will include the stems, leaves, node, internode, flower, bud, and the fruit.

Roots:

• The roots are present in the root system.
• Roots will help in absorbing the water and minerals in the soil and help in anchorage of the plant.

Stem:

• Stems are present in the shoot system.
• The stems main function is to conduct water and minerals to the leaves

Node:

• Node is the point where the leaves connect to the stem is called as node.

Leaves:

• The leaves are comsidered as the "Kitchen of the plant".
• Leaves are responsible for making the food.
• Leaves will capture sunlight, which then the plant uses to make food through the process photosynthesis.

Internode:

• The distance between two nodes is called as internode

Flower:

• Flowers are a condensed modified shoot of limited growth helpful in sexual reproduction.
• It has modified leaves called floral leaves
• Flowers will have different colours.

Bud:

• A growth on a plant that develops into a leaf, flower, or shoot is called as bud.

Fruit:

• Fruits are the fleshy or dry ripened ovary of the flowering plant.
• The seed- bearing structure in flowering plants fromed from the ovary after flowering.

Thank you!

Branches of Zoology

  Branches of Zoology

Hello everyone! Come with me to the past to learn about the branches of Zoology and who coined it.

 Zoology

• Study of Animals

• Aristotle is the father of Zoology

• There are many branches of Zoology

                     Branches of Zoology

1. Taxonomy

2. Morphology

3. Physiology

4. Cytology

5. Embryology

6. Ethology

7. Genetics

8. Evolution

9. Ecology

10. Palaeontology

Taxonomy

• Study of the classifications, indentification, and nomenclature of animals
• A.P.De. Condole is the person who coined the term "Taxonomy".

Morphology

• Study of the apperence and internal organs of animals.
• August Schleicher coined the term "Morphology"
• There are two types of Morphology

1. Internal Morphology
2. External Morphology

External Morphology

• Study of the external apperence of animals.
• Eg: Study of the size, shape, colour, Structure, and etc.

Internal Morphology

• Study of the internal organs and tissues inside the animal.
• There are two sub divisions in Internal Morphology

1. Anatomy
2. Histology

Anatomy

• Study of the internal organs

Histology

• Study of tissues
• Seen only in Microscope.

Physiology

• Study of the functions and processes of the animals.
• The term "Physiology" was coined by Jean Fernal.
• Eg: Digestive system, etc.

Cytology

• Study of form, and structure of the cells and cell organelles.
• Robert Hooke coined the term 'Cytology'.

Embryology

• Study of the embryoligical devolepment.
• Deals with the formation and devolepment of embryos.
• Study of the events that leads to fertilization, early growth, and differentiation of Zygote into an embryo.
• Aristotle is the father of Embryology.

Ethology

• Study of animal behaviors.
• Lorenz Coined the term "Ethology".

Genetics

• Study of the genes of the animals
• The term "Genetics" was coined by William Bateson.

Evolution

• Study of the orgin of life
• The term "Evolution" was coined by Herbert Spencer.

Ecology

• Study of living organismsin relation to the biotic factors and abiotic environmental factors surrounding them.
• Ernst Hackel coined the term "Ecology"

Palaeontology

• Study of fossils
• H.M.D.Blainville is the person who coined the term "Paleontology".
• In Paleontology there are two types

1. Paleozoology
2. Paleobotany

• Palaozoology- Study of animal fossils
• Palaobotany- Study of plant fossils

Thank you!