How the roots will absorb the water and minerals?

 How the roots will absorb water and minerals?

Hello everyone! We all know that the plants will do an process called as photosynthesis. Do, you know where the photosynthesis process will start at? Yes, it is the roots. So, today we are going to learn about how the roots will absorb water and minerals.

Process Photosynthesis

First, when we pour water. The water and minerals from the soil will be absorbed from the root. Near the root's hair there will be lots of soil particles, water, and air. The water and minerals will slowly go through the root hair, because of the diffusion process. Diffusion is the process where it moves from high concentration to low concentration. The water surrounding the root is high concentration. The xylem will help in carrying the water. The phloem will help in carrying the minerals.

Thank you!

 

Atom

Introduction

Every second we are all seeing Something which we cannot see using our naked eyes but it is there. Do you know What is it? It is atom. Yes, atom are very small that we cannot see it using our naked eye. Today, we are going to learn about atoms.

Atom

    A atom: The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties off the element. Atoms are made out of neutron, protons and electron. Atoms are tiny building blocks. Atoms are surrounded by moving electron. The protons and neutrons are present inside the nucleus A proton is a small, positively charged particle. is a particle that has no charge. The nucleus contains almost all the mass of a atom even though it takes up very little space. The rest of the atom is mostly empty space through which electrons move. Electron are negatively charged particles. To see atom you need to use a Transmission Electron Microscope. Some microscopes, such as those in school, uses lenses and light to make images larger. 

Facts:

• Atomic number = protons , electrons
• Protons and electrons are always same in every atom, neutrons can be different.
• Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number
• Neutrons = Mass number - protons
• Neutrons = Mass number - electrons

Protons:

• Small Positively charged particle

Neutrons:

• Has no charge

Electrons:

• Small Negatively charged particle

Nucleus:

• The protons and neutrons are present inside the nucelus.

 Components of food

Introduction:

Hello everyone! Did you have a good breakfast. But, before you eat, Do you know the important things we have to eat everyday? For example-Carbohydrates, proteins, and etc. Some, nutrients are needed everyday for our body. So, it is very important to food the correct amount of nutrients everyday. So, today we are going to learn about, the benefits and functions of the nutrients we eat and why we should take in those nutrients.

Why we should take in different nutrients?

Ans: It is very important to take in nutrients for our body because then only we will be energetic. If, we are taking in only fat, we won't get proteins, vitamins, and etc. So, the proteins, vitamins will be missing. Because, of this we might get some deficiency diseases. So, it is very important to eat all the nutrients. But, we should not eat too much of something, that is also bad.

Proteins:

- uses of protein

• Proteins help in making your bones, muscles, skin, and cartilage strong.
• It is good for your bones
• Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Carbohydrates and fats:

- Uses of Carbohydrate

• One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is to provide the body will energy.
• Most of carbohydrates in food we eat are digested and broken down into glucose before entering the bloodstream.
• Breaks down the fatty acids
• Helps in cell growth
  
  

Vitamins and minerals:

• - Uses of vitamins and minerals

• There are lots of vitamins.
• Eg: Vitamin A, Vitamin B, etc.

Benefits-

• Good eyesight's
• good digestion
• cell growth
• helps in immune system
• helps from sun damage
• Helps the body grow, develop, and stay healthy
• Make the bones strong
• and etc.

Water:

• - Uses of water
• Water plays an important role on body functions and process, including digestion.
• Promotes weight loss
• Has electrolytes

Proteins: Proteins helps in repairing the damaged parts of the body

Grains: Whole grain are packed with nutrients including proteins, fiber and etc.

Vegetables: Vegetables has more water content. Vegetables will have lots of minerals.

Fruits: Fruits will also have more water content. Fruits will also have lots of minerals and nutrients.

Diary products: Diary products will have more proteins and fat.

 Parts of the Chloroplast

Hello everyone! 

Do you know an thing which has two membranes? What is it? 

Ans: Yes, it is the Chloroplast. The chloroplast will have 2 membranes.

Do you know where it is present?

Ans:  It will be present in the leaf of the plant. 

Before, we go deep inside the chloroplast functions, we will first have to need to learn about the parts and basics of the chloroplast. Today, we will learn about the parts of the Chloroplast.

Parts of the Chloroplast:

So, in this picture you can see the parts of the chloroplast.

Fuctions of the parts:

Inner Membrane - The inner membrane forms a border to the stroma. It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. The Inner membrane is not permeable to small organic molecules.

Outer Membrane - The outer membrane is permeable to small organic molecules.

Inner Membrane space - The space between the Inner membrane and the outer membrane.

Thylakoid - The thylakoid is an internal system of interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reaction or photosynthesis.

Granum - Stacks of Thylakoid is known as Granum.

Lumen - What is present inside the Thylakoid is known as Lumen.

Facts:

• Half of the photosynthesis reaction will happen in the Lumen.

Stroma - Stroma is the fluid present in the Chloroplast

Lamella - Lamella is a tube like connection between two granums.

The 5 states of matter

 The 5 states of matter

 

Hello everyone! Do you know the three main states of matter. Of Course it is Solid, Liquid, and Gas. But actually, do you know that there are 5 states of matter. If you don't know. Lets, learn about it today.

The three main states of matter are:

• Solid 
• Liquid
• Gas

 Did you know that water can be in all the 3 main states of matter (solid state, liquid state, and a gas state). Ocean water in the liquid state. Ice in the solid state. And Water vapour in the gas state, which is present in the air. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. The particles are always moving. The particles depends on how the particles move and how far apart they are.

 Solid

A solid is a kind of matter that has a set shape and a set volume. The particles in a solid object are  tightly packed together and they also vibrate back and forth. The two properties of solid is that solids, keeps their own shape and solids has a define volume. That means they take up the same amount of space no matter where they are. Solids move because of air pockets within them.

Liquid

A liquid is a kind of matter that has a set volume but no set shape. A liquid has no shape because its particles are not held together like a solid. Since liquid can flow past one and other, a liquid is also called a fluid. So, a liquid changes shape to match its container. When a liquid is poured into different containers, the shape will change but it keeps its volume.

Gas

A gas is a kind of matter with no shape or volume.  The particles are the ones that makes gases move around freely and bounce into each other. When gases are put into a container, the gas will spread out to fill the container and its shape. That means gases is also a fluid just like liquids are.                                            

If you see in the picture the solids are tightly packed, liquids are little free, and gas has many space between it.

Do you know what is the 4 and 5 states of matter. It is called as :

• Plasma
• Bose Einstein Condensate

Plasma

So, What is Plasma? Now, I will explain Plasma with using an example, which is the sun. Actually, inside the sun and other stars the temperature is very high. As a result, the atoms break releasing electrons and ions. Due to this, A big shine and glow will occur, that s called as plasma.

Bose Einstein Condensate

So, What is the 5 state of Matter? It is Bose Einstein Condensate. What is it? So, there where two scientists, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. What they did was, that they took low density gases and placed them in a place where the temperature is very very low. This is called as Bose Einstein Condensate. Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein did not prove that there was a 5 state of matter. Then, in 2001 three American Scientists, Eric A cornell, Wolfgang Ketterie and Carl E Weiman proved that there was a 5 state of matter.

Thank you !

Botany- Parts of a Plant

 Parts of Plants

Introduction:

Hello everyone! Do you know where we get our food from? Yes, it is the plants. Plants will do an process and give us food to 

Parts of a plant:

• Roots
• Stem
• Leaves
• Node
• Internode
• Bud
• Fruit
• Flower

Facts:

• In plants, there are two systems in the plants.

1. Shoot system
2. Root system

Root system

• The root system will include only the roots.
• The part of the plant, which is underground is called as root system

Shoot system

• The part of the plant, whic is above the ground is called as shoot system.
• The shoot system will include the stems, leaves, node, internode, flower, bud, and the fruit.

Roots:

• The roots are present in the root system.
• Roots will help in absorbing the water and minerals in the soil and help in anchorage of the plant.

Stem:

• Stems are present in the shoot system.
• The stems main function is to conduct water and minerals to the leaves

Node:

• Node is the point where the leaves connect to the stem is called as node.

Leaves:

• The leaves are comsidered as the "Kitchen of the plant".
• Leaves are responsible for making the food.
• Leaves will capture sunlight, which then the plant uses to make food through the process photosynthesis.

Internode:

• The distance between two nodes is called as internode

Flower:

• Flowers are a condensed modified shoot of limited growth helpful in sexual reproduction.
• It has modified leaves called floral leaves
• Flowers will have different colours.

Bud:

• A growth on a plant that develops into a leaf, flower, or shoot is called as bud.

Fruit:

• Fruits are the fleshy or dry ripened ovary of the flowering plant.
• The seed- bearing structure in flowering plants fromed from the ovary after flowering.

Thank you!

Branches of Zoology

  Branches of Zoology

Hello everyone! Come with me to the past to learn about the branches of Zoology and who coined it.

 Zoology

• Study of Animals

• Aristotle is the father of Zoology

• There are many branches of Zoology

                     Branches of Zoology

1. Taxonomy

2. Morphology

3. Physiology

4. Cytology

5. Embryology

6. Ethology

7. Genetics

8. Evolution

9. Ecology

10. Palaeontology

Taxonomy

• Study of the classifications, indentification, and nomenclature of animals
• A.P.De. Condole is the person who coined the term "Taxonomy".

Morphology

• Study of the apperence and internal organs of animals.
• August Schleicher coined the term "Morphology"
• There are two types of Morphology

1. Internal Morphology
2. External Morphology

External Morphology

• Study of the external apperence of animals.
• Eg: Study of the size, shape, colour, Structure, and etc.

Internal Morphology

• Study of the internal organs and tissues inside the animal.
• There are two sub divisions in Internal Morphology

1. Anatomy
2. Histology

Anatomy

• Study of the internal organs

Histology

• Study of tissues
• Seen only in Microscope.

Physiology

• Study of the functions and processes of the animals.
• The term "Physiology" was coined by Jean Fernal.
• Eg: Digestive system, etc.

Cytology

• Study of form, and structure of the cells and cell organelles.
• Robert Hooke coined the term 'Cytology'.

Embryology

• Study of the embryoligical devolepment.
• Deals with the formation and devolepment of embryos.
• Study of the events that leads to fertilization, early growth, and differentiation of Zygote into an embryo.
• Aristotle is the father of Embryology.

Ethology

• Study of animal behaviors.
• Lorenz Coined the term "Ethology".

Genetics

• Study of the genes of the animals
• The term "Genetics" was coined by William Bateson.

Evolution

• Study of the orgin of life
• The term "Evolution" was coined by Herbert Spencer.

Ecology

• Study of living organismsin relation to the biotic factors and abiotic environmental factors surrounding them.
• Ernst Hackel coined the term "Ecology"

Palaeontology

• Study of fossils
• H.M.D.Blainville is the person who coined the term "Paleontology".
• In Paleontology there are two types

1. Paleozoology
2. Paleobotany

• Palaozoology- Study of animal fossils
• Palaobotany- Study of plant fossils

Thank you!

Avian Digestive System

Introduction:

Hello everyone, Everyday we see many animals. We see flying animal also. What are they? They are the birds. We all know that their are animals with 1 chambered stomach or 4 chambered stomach. But, do you know an animal with 2 chambers in it's stomach.Yes there are animals with 2 chambers in its stomach. It is surprising that there are animals like that. Now, lets see, what it is.

Avian Digestive System

Avian:

• Animals which haves 2 chambers in its stomach is called as an avian.
• Example: Crows, ducks, and all birds.
• Birds will have different organs in its bodies.
• Birds will have beaks

Avian Digestive System:

Actually, birds do not have teeth, So how will they eat? That is the reason why birds eat food which does not need the process mastication. They will not chew the food, they will only swallow the food. So, we can say that birds will eat unmasticated food only. 

After they swallow the food, the food will be stored in the "crop". 

Then, the food will go the proventriculas (First chamber of the stomach). In the proventriculas, it will contain digestive juices which will help in breaking down the food. Gastric juices from the liver and pancreas will meet in the proventriculas.

 After, the food will enter into the gizzard (Second chamber in the stomach). The gizzard will grind the food. Sometimes, birds will swallow stones or rocks. The stones or rocks will be stored in the gizzard. 

Then, the food will go to the small intestine. The small intestine is the main of absorption in Avian digestive system. 

After that, it will go to the large intestine. It will absorb the maximum number of water and nutrients from the food. 

Birds do not have separate openings to excrete urine and faces. Instead, Uric acid from the kidneys is secreted into the large intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process. This waste will be excreted through an opening called as Cloaca.  

So, What are the two chambers in the stomach?

• Proventriculas
• Gizzard

Thank you!

 Ruminants Digestive System

Introduction

Hello everyone! Today's topic is studying about the digestive system of Ruminants. Examples of ruminants are cows, sheep, and etc. Do you know how the ruminants eat their food? Do you think ruminants have HCL to break down the food particles? Actually, ruminants do  have HCL in there stomach. 

Ruminants:

 Do you know what are Ruminants?     Ruminants are animals which have 4 chambers in the stomach. They are grass eating animals. Examples of Ruminants are cows, sheep, and etc. So, the ruminants will eat more amount of food and store it in the rumen. When the animal is hungry or need of more energy the food stored in the ruman will come back to the mouth and chew it again.

Digestive System of Ruminants

The process will start at the mouth. The animal will partially masticate the food. The partially masticated food will go through a pipe called as Esophagus to the Rumen is the stomach. The partially digested food will be stored in the Rumen. The food that is stored in the rumen is called as cud. The smaller food particles will automatically go to the omasum and the larger in size particles will go to the Reticulate (A part of the stomach).From the reticulam, the cud will go back to the mouth to masticate the food again for some time. After that the cud will go to the Omasum. In the Omasum, the Omasum will absorb water from the cud. From the Omasum, the food will go to the abomasum. The abomasum is lined with glands. These glands release hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown the food. Then, the food will go to the small intestine.The small intestine completes most of the digestive process and absorbs many nutrients through villi ( Small finger like projection). After that, the food will go through the ceacum to the large intestine. The large intestine is the last section of the digestive tract for ruminants. It is were the undigested food particles pass through. Microbes digest some undigested food here. But, it;s main function is to absorb the water.

So, what are the 4 chambers are the stomach in Ruminants?

• Rumen
• Omasum
• Abomasum
• Reticulam

What is the function of the chambers of the stomach ?

• Ruman- first chamber in the stomach, stores the partially digested food
• Reticulam- Second chamber in the stomach, helps in passes the larger food particles back to their mouth for chewing it agian.
• Omasum- Third chamber in the stomach, Absorb water from the cud
• Abomasum- Forth chamber of the stomach, lined with gland, glands release hydrochloric acid.

Thank you!

Human Digestive System

 Digestive System

Introduction

Do you know what happens to the food we eat.What will it do inside of our body? How it works? Do, you think it will go to the stomach. Yes, it is true, the food will go through a pipe called as esophagus and go's to the stomach. The human body is very interesting to study about. Lets, see more deeply into it.

Topics we will see:

• Digestive system
• How it works

Digestive System:

 

• Monogastric- single chambered stomach
• Ruminants- Grass eating animals and has 4 chambers in the stomach
• Pseudo Ruminants- 3 chambers in the stomach
• Avian Digestive System- 2 chambers in the stomach

Monogastric- Single Chambered Stomach

For example, humans are Monogastric animals, because we have only one chamber in our stomach.

• Mono- One
• Gastric- Related to the stomach

Digestion of Monogastric Animals

The digestion process will begin at the mouth and end at the anus. The teeth play an important role in masticating (Chewing) and breaking down the food. The salivary gland will help in producing saliva.There are three salivary gland.

Three salivary gland:

• Parotid
  
• Sublingual
• Submanidbular

The salivary glands will produces an enzyme called as amylase. The amylase will help in breaking down the starch in the food. 

The food which is swallowed is called as bolus. The bolus will go into a pipe called as food pipe or esophagus to the stomach.

Fact: 

• Do you think any digestion happens in the esophagus. If you say no, your correct. No digestion will happen esophagus.

When the bolus go's into the esophagus the shape of the esophagus will change because the food will need space to pass the food.The esophagus will push the food by contacting on the bolus. This will make the bolus to pass through the esophagus. This process will be called as Peristalsis.

Then, it will go to the stomach. When the bolus enters to the stomach, the bolus will mix with gastric juices. When it mixes with gastric juices it will reduce in size, the food mass will be known as chyme. In the gastric juices in the stomach there will not be only HCL, it will include Various protein breaking enzymes. So, breaking down of protein is the main function of the stomach.

Facts:

• The P.H level of HCL is 1.5 to 2.5

After the stomach, the bolus will go into the small intestine. The small intestine is a big tube, which will help in absorption of the bolus. The small intestine is divided into 3 parts.

3 Parts of Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

The first part of the Small Intestine is known as Duodenum. It is located between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine, or jejunum. After, the food mixes with the stomach acid in the stomach, it will come into the duodenum. Where they mix with bile juice from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas. When chyme mixes with bile juice and digestive juices it will become as "Chyle".The absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients is taking place in duodenum.

Facts: 

• Actually, the bile juice will be produced in the Liver. The bile juice will be stored in the gall bladder.
•  Proteins - amino acids
• Fats - Fatty acids
• Glucose - Sugars

                                     

                                      

The second part of the Small intestine is the Jejunum. The main function of the jejunum is absorption of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. 

The third part of the Small Intestine is the ileum.The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B₁₂, bile salts, and whatever food was not completed absorbed by the jejunum, will be adsorbed in ileum.

Villi:

• Villi is a small finger like structure, present in the small intestine.
• It's main function is Absorbing the food particles.
• Villi helps in gaining more surface area in the small intestine.

After the small intestine will adsorb the food, the food particles will spread through to the cells. The cells will break down the food. The glucose will be released. The cells will take the glucose for The cells will take the glucose. It will give energy for the body to do work. The cells will take the amount of glucose it needs and the extra food is stored as glycogen in the body.

                 

After,the small intestine finished the absorption and digestion of the food particles. There, may be some undigested food particles. The undigested food along will go through the long intestine. The large intestine will absorb water, salts and minerals. The things which released by the anus is called as faeces. Before, the faeces will be removed from the body. The faeces will be stored in the rectum

Facts:

• The other name of Large intestine is known as Colon
• There are 4 parts in the large intestine.

1. Ascending colon
2. descending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Sigmoid colon.

The point where the small intestine and large intestine meet is called as caecum.

Heat

What is heat?

• Heat is a form of energy.
• It gives  sensation feeling to us.

• Example: If we touch any object with too much heat it gives us an burning sensation.

• For example, in the cellphone that we use , heat is being released in form of radiation.

Temperature

• Temperature is the degree of heat
• Or we can say it is the degree of heat or coldness
• There are 3 basic units in the thermometer that we use to measure temperature

The 3 Units for measuring temperature

1.Celcius- It is the most commonly used unit 
2.Fahrenheit- This unit was used in the ancient times
3.Kelvin- This unit is rarely used

Thermometer

• Thermometer is used for measuring temperature
  There are 2 types of thermometer

1. Clinical Thermometer
2. Laboratory Thermometer

Clinical Thermometer

• Used by doctors to measure the temperature of their patients.

• Now we use the infrared thermometer but before they use the clinical thermometer.

• It can measure from 35℃ to 42 ℃

Clinical thermometer and

infrared thermometer

Clinical Themometer

• In the middle of the thermometer there is an tube.

• In that tube there is mercury.

• The mercury adjusts to temperature by moving up or down

• There is an metal cap in the right end part.  

• This thermometer has a kink.

• The kink stops the mercury from falling down if the thermometer is held vertically.

• Infrared thermometer measures temperature in seconds.

•  It Measures body temperature

Laboratory thermometer

• Laboratory thermometer is used by scientists.

• We have to hold the the thermometer upside down

• Because, the mercury will fall down.

• It is because kink is absent in laboratory thermometer.

• It doesn't have a kink.

• It is from -10 degree to -110 degree.