Avian Digestive System

Introduction:

Hello everyone, Everyday we see many animals. We see flying animal also. What are they? They are the birds. We all know that their are animals with 1 chambered stomach or 4 chambered stomach. But, do you know an animal with 2 chambers in it's stomach.Yes there are animals with 2 chambers in its stomach. It is surprising that there are animals like that. Now, lets see, what it is.

Avian Digestive System

Avian:

• Animals which haves 2 chambers in its stomach is called as an avian.
• Example: Crows, ducks, and all birds.
• Birds will have different organs in its bodies.
• Birds will have beaks

Avian Digestive System:

Actually, birds do not have teeth, So how will they eat? That is the reason why birds eat food which does not need the process mastication. They will not chew the food, they will only swallow the food. So, we can say that birds will eat unmasticated food only. 

After they swallow the food, the food will be stored in the "crop". 

Then, the food will go the proventriculas (First chamber of the stomach). In the proventriculas, it will contain digestive juices which will help in breaking down the food. Gastric juices from the liver and pancreas will meet in the proventriculas.

 After, the food will enter into the gizzard (Second chamber in the stomach). The gizzard will grind the food. Sometimes, birds will swallow stones or rocks. The stones or rocks will be stored in the gizzard. 

Then, the food will go to the small intestine. The small intestine is the main of absorption in Avian digestive system. 

After that, it will go to the large intestine. It will absorb the maximum number of water and nutrients from the food. 

Birds do not have separate openings to excrete urine and faces. Instead, Uric acid from the kidneys is secreted into the large intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process. This waste will be excreted through an opening called as Cloaca.  

So, What are the two chambers in the stomach?

• Proventriculas
• Gizzard

Thank you!

 Ruminants Digestive System

Introduction

Hello everyone! Today's topic is studying about the digestive system of Ruminants. Examples of ruminants are cows, sheep, and etc. Do you know how the ruminants eat their food? Do you think ruminants have HCL to break down the food particles? Actually, ruminants do  have HCL in there stomach. 

Ruminants:

 Do you know what are Ruminants?     Ruminants are animals which have 4 chambers in the stomach. They are grass eating animals. Examples of Ruminants are cows, sheep, and etc. So, the ruminants will eat more amount of food and store it in the rumen. When the animal is hungry or need of more energy the food stored in the ruman will come back to the mouth and chew it again.

Digestive System of Ruminants

The process will start at the mouth. The animal will partially masticate the food. The partially masticated food will go through a pipe called as Esophagus to the Rumen is the stomach. The partially digested food will be stored in the Rumen. The food that is stored in the rumen is called as cud. The smaller food particles will automatically go to the omasum and the larger in size particles will go to the Reticulate (A part of the stomach).From the reticulam, the cud will go back to the mouth to masticate the food again for some time. After that the cud will go to the Omasum. In the Omasum, the Omasum will absorb water from the cud. From the Omasum, the food will go to the abomasum. The abomasum is lined with glands. These glands release hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown the food. Then, the food will go to the small intestine.The small intestine completes most of the digestive process and absorbs many nutrients through villi ( Small finger like projection). After that, the food will go through the ceacum to the large intestine. The large intestine is the last section of the digestive tract for ruminants. It is were the undigested food particles pass through. Microbes digest some undigested food here. But, it;s main function is to absorb the water.

So, what are the 4 chambers are the stomach in Ruminants?

• Rumen
• Omasum
• Abomasum
• Reticulam

What is the function of the chambers of the stomach ?

• Ruman- first chamber in the stomach, stores the partially digested food
• Reticulam- Second chamber in the stomach, helps in passes the larger food particles back to their mouth for chewing it agian.
• Omasum- Third chamber in the stomach, Absorb water from the cud
• Abomasum- Forth chamber of the stomach, lined with gland, glands release hydrochloric acid.

Thank you!

Human Digestive System

 Digestive System

Introduction

Do you know what happens to the food we eat.What will it do inside of our body? How it works? Do, you think it will go to the stomach. Yes, it is true, the food will go through a pipe called as esophagus and go's to the stomach. The human body is very interesting to study about. Lets, see more deeply into it.

Topics we will see:

• Digestive system
• How it works

Digestive System:

 

• Monogastric- single chambered stomach
• Ruminants- Grass eating animals and has 4 chambers in the stomach
• Pseudo Ruminants- 3 chambers in the stomach
• Avian Digestive System- 2 chambers in the stomach

Monogastric- Single Chambered Stomach

For example, humans are Monogastric animals, because we have only one chamber in our stomach.

• Mono- One
• Gastric- Related to the stomach

Digestion of Monogastric Animals

The digestion process will begin at the mouth and end at the anus. The teeth play an important role in masticating (Chewing) and breaking down the food. The salivary gland will help in producing saliva.There are three salivary gland.

Three salivary gland:

• Parotid
  
• Sublingual
• Submanidbular

The salivary glands will produces an enzyme called as amylase. The amylase will help in breaking down the starch in the food. 

The food which is swallowed is called as bolus. The bolus will go into a pipe called as food pipe or esophagus to the stomach.

Fact: 

• Do you think any digestion happens in the esophagus. If you say no, your correct. No digestion will happen esophagus.

When the bolus go's into the esophagus the shape of the esophagus will change because the food will need space to pass the food.The esophagus will push the food by contacting on the bolus. This will make the bolus to pass through the esophagus. This process will be called as Peristalsis.

Then, it will go to the stomach. When the bolus enters to the stomach, the bolus will mix with gastric juices. When it mixes with gastric juices it will reduce in size, the food mass will be known as chyme. In the gastric juices in the stomach there will not be only HCL, it will include Various protein breaking enzymes. So, breaking down of protein is the main function of the stomach.

Facts:

• The P.H level of HCL is 1.5 to 2.5

After the stomach, the bolus will go into the small intestine. The small intestine is a big tube, which will help in absorption of the bolus. The small intestine is divided into 3 parts.

3 Parts of Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

The first part of the Small Intestine is known as Duodenum. It is located between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine, or jejunum. After, the food mixes with the stomach acid in the stomach, it will come into the duodenum. Where they mix with bile juice from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas. When chyme mixes with bile juice and digestive juices it will become as "Chyle".The absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients is taking place in duodenum.

Facts: 

• Actually, the bile juice will be produced in the Liver. The bile juice will be stored in the gall bladder.
•  Proteins - amino acids
• Fats - Fatty acids
• Glucose - Sugars

                                     

                                      

The second part of the Small intestine is the Jejunum. The main function of the jejunum is absorption of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. 

The third part of the Small Intestine is the ileum.The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B₁₂, bile salts, and whatever food was not completed absorbed by the jejunum, will be adsorbed in ileum.

Villi:

• Villi is a small finger like structure, present in the small intestine.
• It's main function is Absorbing the food particles.
• Villi helps in gaining more surface area in the small intestine.

After the small intestine will adsorb the food, the food particles will spread through to the cells. The cells will break down the food. The glucose will be released. The cells will take the glucose for The cells will take the glucose. It will give energy for the body to do work. The cells will take the amount of glucose it needs and the extra food is stored as glycogen in the body.

                 

After,the small intestine finished the absorption and digestion of the food particles. There, may be some undigested food particles. The undigested food along will go through the long intestine. The large intestine will absorb water, salts and minerals. The things which released by the anus is called as faeces. Before, the faeces will be removed from the body. The faeces will be stored in the rectum

Facts:

• The other name of Large intestine is known as Colon
• There are 4 parts in the large intestine.

1. Ascending colon
2. descending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Sigmoid colon.

The point where the small intestine and large intestine meet is called as caecum.

Heat

What is heat?

• Heat is a form of energy.
• It gives  sensation feeling to us.

• Example: If we touch any object with too much heat it gives us an burning sensation.

• For example, in the cellphone that we use , heat is being released in form of radiation.

Temperature

• Temperature is the degree of heat
• Or we can say it is the degree of heat or coldness
• There are 3 basic units in the thermometer that we use to measure temperature

The 3 Units for measuring temperature

1.Celcius- It is the most commonly used unit 
2.Fahrenheit- This unit was used in the ancient times
3.Kelvin- This unit is rarely used

Thermometer

• Thermometer is used for measuring temperature
  There are 2 types of thermometer

1. Clinical Thermometer
2. Laboratory Thermometer

Clinical Thermometer

• Used by doctors to measure the temperature of their patients.

• Now we use the infrared thermometer but before they use the clinical thermometer.

• It can measure from 35℃ to 42 ℃

Clinical thermometer and

infrared thermometer

Clinical Themometer

• In the middle of the thermometer there is an tube.

• In that tube there is mercury.

• The mercury adjusts to temperature by moving up or down

• There is an metal cap in the right end part.  

• This thermometer has a kink.

• The kink stops the mercury from falling down if the thermometer is held vertically.

• Infrared thermometer measures temperature in seconds.

•  It Measures body temperature

Laboratory thermometer

• Laboratory thermometer is used by scientists.

• We have to hold the the thermometer upside down

• Because, the mercury will fall down.

• It is because kink is absent in laboratory thermometer.

• It doesn't have a kink.

• It is from -10 degree to -110 degree.